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                    <text>��Faculty

of

Science

biology
chemistry
physics
geology
mathematical sciences
liberal science
geography
energy and fuel science
COVER PHOTOS: Bottom Left, Top Left: Diffraction Patterns from Glycerine drops illuminated with lasers. Top Right: Compound eye of a fly, gold coated,
seen in the scanning electron microscope. Bottom Right; Bacteria, transmission electron microscope.

��Lakehead University is ideally situated at the head
of Lake Superior in Thunder Bay, Ontario. This
thriving community is the working hinge of all
Canada. The great bulk of Canada's natural wealth grain, minerals, wood pulp - are distributed through
this vital inland port.
The immediate environment comprises one of the
world's outstanding natural laboratories. The boreal
forest, the Pre-Cambrian Shield, and the massive
water-shed of Northern Ontario, provide a limitless
challenge to man's thirst for knowledge and to his
capacity for improving his way of life. Vital decisions
regarding the future of Canada's natural resources will
be based, in part, on research which is going on at
Lakehead University right now!

Facilities at Lakehead University include: residence
accommodations for over 600 students; a university
centre complex which includes lounges, cafeteria,
student government office, a shopping mall, and a
380-seat theatre; an athletic complex which compares
in versatility to any in Canada. Of more immediate
concern to the students of science, the Centennial
Science Complex represents an investment in excess
of $20 million in buildings and equipment; an
excellent library provides nearly 200,000 volumes
and a seating capacity over 1,000; a Model 50H
computer is available on a twenty-four hour basis for
the use of the entire University community.

�faculty of science

Teachers and researchers in the subjects.of Biology,
Chemistry, Geology, the Mathematical Sciences,
Physics and Geography are intensely committed to
the disciplines of science. But they are also oriented
toward the individual student.
Comparatively small classes, which prevail in the
Sciences at Lakehead University, provide a setting for
easy rapport between and among students and
faculty. Close individual attention ensures more
effective learning, Should problems of an academic
nature arise, the Dean of Science, his deputies, and
the department chairmen are constantly available for
counselling. The active personal contact which students enjoy with their professors in the Faculty of
Science is supplemented by a formal structure of
student/faculty liaison committees, organized on the
departmental level, which keep students and faculty
aware of each other's problems and viewpoints.
Nearly every four-year program in the Faculty of
Science gives students the opportunity to become
involved in practical research projects. Special research facilities in the Faculty of Science include a
well-equipped machine shop, glassworking laboratory
and an instrument division which houses the latest
scientific instruments including electron microscope,
spectrometers, diffractometers, etc. These facilities
are all managed and staffed by professional personnel.
The faculty of Science maintains close liaison with
industry and scientific associations in order to ensure
that academic and professional standards are met or
surpassed in every program.
There is a growing awareness of the important role
that science can play in the development of Canada's
future. This awareness has kindled greater cooperation among different disciplines in the Faculty of
Science. This fact is reflected, not only in the trend
toward inter-disciplinary research, but also in programs specially designed to provide a knowledge of
many Science subjects in breadth rather than in
depth. The Inter-departmental Program is a three-year
general program in which a student selects courses
from within the departmental offerings in the Faculty

of Science, and supplements these with electives from
the Humanities and Social Sciences. And the Liberal
Science Program consists of courses designed to cover
all aspects of science in order to promote an
appreciation of our environment among those who
are not interested in specialized study.
Whatever your interest in science, the Faculty of
Science at Lakehead University can help you choose a
satisfying program.
The Faculty of Science offers three-year programs
leading to the Bachelor of Science degree in the
following disciplines: Biology, Chemistry, General
Science, Geology, Liberal Science, Mathematics,
Natural Sciences, Physics, Geography and Energy and
Fuel Science.
Also offered are four-year programs leading to the
Honours Bachelor of Science degree in the disciplines
listed below: Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Physics and Geography.
Admission to the first year of the Faculty of
Science will be granted to candidates who have
completed their final year of secondary school studies
in good standing. Evidence of a candidate's standing
shall include:
7.
A recommendation by the principal of the
secondary school last attended regarding fitness
for university studies.
2.
A complete academic report for the final three
years of secondary school.
3.
The results of standardized test offered by the
Service for Admission to College and University.
The general principles of course selection in grade
12 and 13 remain unaltered.
Should you require further information, please
contact: Dr. R. A. Ross, Dean, Faculty of Science,
Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.

Close individual attention and a place to learn "naturally"
are hallmarks of instruction in the Faculty of Science at
Lakehead University.

��department •of chemistry
Why study Chemistry? What does a chemist do
that inspires you to be one or prompts you to learn
something about the subject even if you do not plan
to pursue it as a career?
Specifically, the science of chemistry is involved
with the properties and structures of substance, and
their preparation from and interaction with other
substances that constitute man and his environment.
Since Chemistry is a very broad subject the boundaries that separate it from engineering, geology,
pharmacy, physics and the biological sciences are
often indefinite. The importance of Chemistry in
your daily life is abundantly evident. Chemical
changes in your body produce energy and growth
from food and air; bodily functions themselves are
control led by sets of complex chemical substances
called vitamins, hormones and enzymes. The food
you eat is indirectly produced by the chemical
reaction cal led photosynthesis, and the clothes you
wear consist in large part of synthetic fibres produced
by chemical processes. The metals for automobiles
and machines are produced by chemical processes,
and the operations by which glass, bricks and pottery
are made are further examples of chemical processes.
More recent triumphs of Chemistry include the
development of antibiotics and other drugs to combat
pain and disease, the production of improved gasoline
from petroleum, and the synthesis of many new
plastics. Entire industries have evolved from the
development of these new materials, giving employment to many thousands of people. Chemistry
operates in and around us every moment of our lives,
and thus we need to know something about it. Many
of today's most pressing problems, such as air and
water pollution, malnutrition, drug addiction, mental
and physical sickness and over-population rage out of
control because the citizenry has not proceeded with
imaginative application of chemical knowledge.
To the question, Why study chemistry?, there is
a practical and an intangible answer. The practical
answer is not the same as that of a generation ago; in
part, today's answer is a need to make up for the
blunders of the past. The intangible answer arises
from the things we can know from Chemistry that we
had no hope of knowing a generation ago: what life
is, where it came from, how it operates, what our
solar system is like and how it arose.

A Chemistry graduate may become involved in
such areas as plastics, drugs, pollution, paper, metals
and atomic power. Chemistry is also a key requirement for entering the fields of medicine, dentistry,
pharmacy, some areas of engineering and almost any
branch of the sciences. A degree in Chemistry can
lead to involvement at a number of business,
industrial and academic levels, including manufacturing, product control, technical service, sales,
marketing, teaching, research, and governmental
employment. In fact, chemistry provides a student
with a broad training which enables him to tackle a
wide variety of jobs.
Lakehead University offers courses in most branches of Chemistry: Analytical - almost everything we
eat, wear or handle has been subjected to chemical
analysis at some stage of production. It is the key to
pollution control. Biochemistry - the study of life
processes, vital to medical students, biologists, etc.
Inorganic - a rapidly developing area of Chemistry. It
deals with the structure, properties and uses of
metals, non-metals and their compounds. Organic the branch of Chemistry which fulfills the basic need
of society in the form of chemotherapy (drugs),
manufacture (plastics, man-made fibres) and food
(agriculture and forestry). Physical - deals with the
determination of the properties and structure of
matter and the laws and theories of Chemistry.
Polymer - industries associated with polymeric
materials are the major employers of al I chemists and
chemical engineers. The courses at Lakehead University examine the synthesis, structure and properties of synthetic and natural macromolecular substances.
The Department of Chemistry at Lakehead University, offers some unique advantages, the most
important of which is the combination of highly
qualified staff with the availability of excellent
laboratory and instrumentation facilities. This allows
instructors and staff to provide the individual student
with a large degree of personal attention and gives the
student frequent access to modern instruments.

An apparatus used in the field of Physical Chemistry to
sample gases.

��department of physics
The most imcomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible.

The primary concern of ~he Physics Department at
Lakehead University is the development of a sound
and interesting undergraduate program. Because the
number of students is relatively smal I, instructors can
give each student individual attention. Personal
contact is also emphasized in the labs where students
are encouraged to do progressively more independent
work.
Physics is a systematic study of the properties of
al I things, from nucleus to the stars. There are only a
few fundamental laws. The physicist is not required
to memorize a body of facts, but only to pit his mind
against ideas. His theory is meaningful only if it
makes correct predictions about the physical world.
A great deal of ingenuity is required to devise
experiments to verify these predictions. A study of
physics provides insight into technology, natural
phenomena and the basic nature of things. In contrast
to other disciplines which study specific areas in
detail, physics gives a broad understanding of our
world. It teaches one how to think logically and
objectively about any given problem. This, combined
with the proper design and interpretation of experiments, is the essence of the scientific method. The
power of this method when applied to physical
science is indisputable, but its application to social
problems is fairly recent. A physicist contributes to
the technological advancement of society; as examples physicists are eagerly searching for new
sources of energy, studying ways to improve the
efficiency of existing energy sources and are deeply
involved in the problems of pollution control.
. Do you find excitement in understanding the
w·b rld and in contemplating the universe? Perhaps
you are a bit skeptical when told "the facts". Then
you should enjoy the study of physics.
Physics forms the basis for most of the physical
sciences and graduates can embark on worthwhile
endeavours, not only in physics, but in a variety of
allied fields, such as astrophysics, geophysics, chemical physics, biophysics and engineering. Some of the
careers to which a degree opens the door include high
school teaching, meterology, astronomy and cosmology, computer programming, atomic energy,
acoustics, radiation physics, industrial research and
development, sale of scientific equipment, laser

Albert Einstein.

technology, space science, theoretical chemistry,
environmental protection, energy production and
many others.
A wide range of programs in the Department of
Physics accommodates both the group of students
who have the experimental and theoretical skill to
fol low a highly concentrated and rapidly moving
program in preparation for graduate studies, and also
those students who like a challenge but are not so
certain that they want to devote themselves singlemindedly to the subject. A good variety of options
makes it possible for students, particularly in the
general degree program, to choose courses of particular interest to them.
It is impossible to cover more than a bare fraction
of the field of physics. The Department of Physics
therefore offers a good basic course, with few frills.
Consequently, students enjoy more personal attention than is customary in unversity studies. Whether
your bent is towards laboratory research or theoretical physics, opportunity for development is assured.
The essence of both these approaches is a judicious
combination of basic concepts and challenge to
initiative, both of which are stressed in physics at
Lakehead University.
Although the main emphasis is upon undergraduate
teaching, lively research projects take place in physics
at Lakehead University. Many faculty members are
involved in research concerned with solid state
physics, which refers to the search for new materials,
and new uses for old ones. Specifically, this research
is restricted to areas closely allied to electronics .
Transistors and devices like them are closely studied
and analysed. Results of such experiments are of
particular interest to radio, television and communications equipment manufacturers.
Another research project involves a search for
methods of improving the electrical properties of
capacitor paper produced by a regional mill. In
addition, a group of physicists is applying a scanning
microscope to the study of chromosome behaviour.
Some upper year undergraduate students become
directly involved in these projects and all students
benefit from the up-to-date knowledge that active
research provides for faculty members.

��department of mathematical sciences

Mathematics is exploding. Where 50 years ago
mathematics could aptly be cal led the "hand maiden
of the sciences", there is now hardly a field of human
endeavour which escapes the interest and contribution
of mathematics, and the mathematical method. It
has far outstripped its description as the "science of
number", and non-numerical mathematics studies
subjects from the essential properties of knots and
communications systems to the workings of the
human mind.
Everyone involved in science must be able to use
the tools that mathematics provides. It would be
impossible to study physics, chemistry or any science
subject without some knowledge of calculus, algebra
and statistics. But it is a mistake to believe that a
mathematician's role is simply to provide tools for
other people to use. An important value of mathematics to a mathematician lies in the fact that it
gives him pleasure. It may reveal the harmony of the
universe; it may result in great technical advances; it
may even lower the cost of groceries. But, in the end,
mathematics is studied by people because they enjoy
it. If you liked mathematics at school, and were good
at it (for it is one of the most difficult and demanding
courses at University) then you should consider
taking a degree in it. The faculty at Lakehead
University would be pleased to discuss this with you
and to offer counsel in your choice of courses.
A serious mathematics major graduate will have
little difficulty in obtaining good employment. There
is a continuing demand in teaching with a strongly
developing trend towards the applications of mathematics to industry, commerce and government.
There is always a demand for the person who can
accomplish what others consider difficult, and in the
longer range. the demand for mathematicians may
well outstrip the supply, as more disciplines and
activities become mathematical in nature. Who could
have seen, a few years ago, the extent to which
mathematics is now used in economics, the social and
behavioural sciences and business, and the opportunities that these disciplines now provide to mathematics graduates? At Lakehead University, class sizes

in mathematics are generally sufficiently small that
students have an excellent opportunity to get to
know one another and to consult faculty members.
Students are encouraged to participate in the life of
the department, to attend the seminars, use the
reading room, and work closely with the faculty, so
that their education need not be bounded by the
classroom and the library.
A prospective university student should weigh
carefully whether his, or her, potential will be better
developed in a large (and often impersonal and highly
competitive) university, or in the freer atmosphere of
small classes, close faculty contact, and close working
relations with other students. A great deal of
mathematical learning comes about through trading
ideas and criticizing the work of one's fellow
students.
At Lakehead University the mathematics program is
being reorganized around the concept of "applicable
mathematics". This includes the mathematics which
is useful in the new and expanding fields of applications, as well as the older applications to physical
science and engineering. We are interested in teaching
any branch of mathematics which might be applied,
and this means we must also provide an introduction
to "pure" mathematics, because history has amply
proved that it very quickly becomes tomorrow's
"applied" mathematics.
The greatest surge of the pres·ent is to the
mathematics of computing, and modern high speed
computation is revolutionizing mathematical thinking. We believe that it is important to reorient almost
all mathematics teaching to this important new
development so, while we have courses just in
computer science, we also have computer science in
most of our courses. Lakehead University has been
able to maintain an extremely favourable computer/
student ratio, and our students probably have better
access to modern high speed computer facilities than
those in any other Canadian university.
A mathematical ''problem" can be solved in many ways and
in many places.

��the liberal science programme
It is impossible to over-estimate the importance of
science in today's careening technological world.
Science is the only branch of human enquiry which
applies itself to the systematic observation and
interpretation of our physical environment. As such,
science provides a fountain of wel I-defined data upon
which to base important judgments which must be
made now if we are to survive.
The influence of science and technology upon
modern man staggers the imagination And yet, there
have been very few systematic attempts to bring this
home to future teachers, legislators and decisionmakers. The Liberal Science Program aims at giving
such people a broad view of science, rather than
producing professional scientists. The program brings
science out of the confines of the laboratory in order
to explain its effects upon man and his environment,
and also to explore ways in which science can
influence our daily lives for the better.
Students entering the Liberal Science Program
must have successfully completed Grade 13. But
science and mathematics are not prerequisite, as they
are for other programs in the Faculty of Science.
Requirements include a mature mind and a desire to
understand the role of science.
Liberal Science students may concentrate on any
Arts subjects to meet the requirements of the
program. Indeed, it is essentially designed to provide
a broad background in science study for students
specializing in the social sciences, humanities, or
education. It is extremely flexible, allowing easy
transfer in and out of the program from other Arts
and Science programs. In addition to at least three
subjects from the Faculty of Science and up to seven
from the Faculty of Arts, the three-year Liberal
Science Degree Program requires at least five of the
fol lowing courses:
L.S. 7720 Physics for Poets - An introduction to
classical and modern physics without extensive use of
mathematics.
Biology 772 7 Natural Science - A course which
integrates the earth's physical feature with plant and
animal life on earth by emphasizing the relationships
of the three. The course deals with the origin of the
earth and development of its physical features; origin,
structure and function of living organisms; organisms
and the environment, evolution; the future.

Geology 7707 Fundamentals of Geology - The
external and internal processes which have formed
the crust of the earth, the ocean basin and the
hydrosphere; and the general physical and chemical
principles relating to the origin and development of
the earth as a whole. Laboratory work will include
the mineralogy of the main rock forming minerals
and economic sulphide and oxide deposits, the
petrography of the principal rock types in the earth's
crust, the identification and use of fossils as
indicators of relative time, and the interpretation of
geological maps.
Mathematics 07 20 Mathematics, the Analytical
Tool of Science - The role of mathematics in
formulating and solving problems, both from the
traditional sciences and the newer areas of the social
sciences. The emphasis is on the "mathematical
method", rather than the mathematics. The topics
chosen range widely to accomplish this goal and will
include history and the development of geometry.
L.S. 2 700 Science and Man --. The profound
influence of science on the individual and society is
the central focus of this course. The effects of great
experiments and theories on the development of
civilization are studied in detail. The relationships
between science, technology, philosophy and politics
are identified and discussed. Also, the role of science
in determining the way we think and act is probed as
far as possible.
L.S. 2200 Chemistry and Everyday Life - This is a
survey of those aspects of chemistry which affect our
lives every day. The material will include a general
historical introduction. Following this, a basic understanding will be provided for such popular activities
as photography, wine-making and pottery. Also, such
topics as the energy crisis, birth control, pollution,
physical and mental health, the use and misuse of
drugs will be discussed from a chemical viewpoint.
L.S. 2080 Contemporary Physical Thought - Important scientific literature is often ignored because
its language is too technical or mathematical for the
general reader. This course purposes to interpret such
writings to promote understanding in the theories of
the Universe and its creation, in the laws of physical
science, and in recent scientific thought. Proficiency
in mathematics is not required.

�L.S. 2300 Astronomy - This course is designed to
acquaint the student with the principal features of
the Solar system, our Galaxy, and the known
Universe. The student wi 11 make observations of the
moon, planets and stars, plot their movements and
deduce some of their properties. Photographs from
observatories will supplement the student's observations. No previous background in physics or
mathematics is required.

L.S. 3700 Canadian Science and Technology - The
organization of science and technology in Canada
with special reference to energy distribution and
communication networks.
L.S. 3400 Problems in Pollution - I nterdepartmental course on problems of land, water and air
pollution. Effects on the environment and its
conservation.

�the energy and fuel science programme
Universities have a vital part to play in the resolution of the energy crisis by producing those (people) with the
necessary skills to meet future demands. The problem of energy seems destined to take on a less ephemeral
nature within the curriculum than the current fashions of environmentalism. David Dickson

This programme will be offered initially in September 1975.
Our future on this small planet will be largely
determined by the manner in which we meet the
energy crises that surrounds us and, at times, threaten
to en-gulf us.
Can we find effective solutions to
energy problems? Are the solutions economically
and technologically possible? How drastically will
our lifestyles be altered by the introduction of new
and perhaps radically different forms of energy?
If these questions are to be met and answered,
intelligent men and women possessing a broad range
of knowledge must do the seeking. That is why
Lakehead University has developed the Energy and
Fuel Science Programme.
The Energy and Fuel Science Programme follows
an interdisciplinary approach to energy science. It
combines courses on the basic scientific aspects of
energy with applied scientific, engineering and

economic approacnes to the solution of energy
problems.
Thus, this programme will give _you an effective,
cohesive knowledge of scientific principles which
cover a broad spectrum of subject areas - Physics,
Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics.
It will give you an understanding of the engineering
principles which are necessary to make a reality out
of a dream.
And, the Energy and Fuel Science Programme will
give you a solid grounding in the principles of
economics and social dynamics.
Laboratory and plant work will have a special
emphasis in the second and third years of the
programme and specialized courses in "Energy and
Fuel Science" will be taken each year.
The present programme requires three academic
years and plans for an honours year are at an
advanced stage.

�integrated science programme
The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existence. One cannot help but
be in awe when one contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structure of reality. It is
enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery each day.
Albert Einstein.

Today the physical and natural sciences are becoming increasingly interdependent and in recognition
of this, Lakehead University is offering a unique
science programme at the first year level. It combines
biology, chemistry, geology, mathematics and physics
and will be given from February to April primarily
for the benefit of high school semester graduates. It
will consist of twelve weeks of lectures and laboratories
fol lowed by a week of field work.
If you graduate in January, you can begin your
post-secondary education immediately by enrolling in
the Integrated Science Programme. Think about it:
Instead of waiting until September to begin your first
year of university, you could be entering second year.
There are many advantages to an integrated
approach to science. It is possible to gain a better
concept of the natural unity of science and of the
co-ordinate material that, traditionally, has been
treated by different departments. The student need
not decide on a major until the second university year
when he or she has a better appreciation of science as

a whole. At the same time, it is very probable that
much of the most exciting work and opportunities
in science in the future will occur in interfacial or
overlap areas among the classical divisions.
If you are thinking about a university major in any
science subject, or if you want a general background
in science, then the Integrated Science Programme
is for you.
(An understanding of reality, from the elementary
particle to the living world, is the ultimate challenge
to the human mind. It can provide you with challenge
for the rest of your life. In addition, it can offer you
a livelihood and a means of solving many of the
problems of modern society. The first step towards
the solution of any problem is understanding, and the
goal of science is the understanding of the world.)

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�Lakehead University rests at the heart of Canada in
the rugged and beautiful Superior Country.
The
photograph at right shows but a small portion of the
country that surrounds the university - a place to find
enjoyment through canoeing, skiing, backpacking, or
simply looking; a place to seek knowledge in the
thousands of miles of natural laboratories to be found
at random in this Canadian Shield country; and a place
where many important events in Canadian history have
happened (that's a reconstruction of the Old Fort
William Fur Trading Post in the foreground) and where
an important part of Canada's future will be determined
by the faculty and students at Lakehead University.

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